CP21  Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

 

Definition

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a condition in which coagulation factors normally present in the blood are depleted or inactivated, resulting in the inability oif the patient to form clots and maintain homeostasis.  Simultaneous clotting followed by lysis occurs in a DIC can be caused by the following factors:

*Inadequate heparinizaion

*Uncontrolled prolonged hemorrhage

*Total body washout   with replacement of volume with  banked blood products containing temporarily inactivated clotting factors

*Infection, sepsis, viremia

*Obstetrical compilations

*Burns, crush injuries, trauma

*Liver disease

When vascular integrity is list, large amounts of phospholipids are released, resulting in activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade, followed by consumption of these factors.  Phospholipids cause widespreaqd formation of fibrin, leading to consumption of factors, with a decrease of labile factors 5, 8, and fibrinogen.  These factors are used once in the coagulation process, and must be replenished.  When clots are broken down, large amounts of fibrin split products (FSPs) are released into the circulation.  Whit and increase in FSPs present, normal clot formation is inhibited, and platelets become dysfunctional.

A first clue of DIC can be detected by observing a handheld activated clotting time (ACT) sample for formation of clot, followed shortly by lysis of the clot.

*If DIC is suspected, send sample to lab for STAT complete coagulation profile.  A positive result is indicated by prolonged PTT and TT, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and increased FSPs.

*Maintain or initiate complete heparinization with ACTs>480s.

*Replace coagulation factors by administering FFP, RBCs, platelets, and cryoprecipitate if necessary.  Continue factor replacement and platelet therapy post-operative for 24-48 hour, as indicated.

*May be necessary to maintain cardiopulmonary bypass to assist in homeostasis, until coagulation factors are reactive (approximately 4h).